Connecting The Dots Off-Grid Solar Solutions by doose June 5, 2023 written by doose In this week’s episode, our guest is Mr Patrick Tonui, Head of Policy and Regional Strategy GOGLA. He joins us to discuss Off-Grid Solar Solutions, and how these solutions can be leveraged, made affordable and accessible to all. He also highlights GOGLA’s work in accelerating the adoption of Solar solutions and closing the energy gaps that persist in Africa. June 5, 2023 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestEmail
Power PunchUncategorized Clean Cooking Technologies by doose May 30, 2023 written by doose The race to fulfil Nigeria’s ambitious plans to achieve Net-Zero by 2060 has created a responsibility for government to check and ensure that anthropogenic activities are reduced to the least possible amount. A pathway to achieving this is through the adoption of clean cooking technologies by households in Nigeria.Clean cooking refers to using purer fuels and energy-efficient modern stoves for domestic use. As of 2020, the share of the population with access to clean cooking technologies was 30.2 per cent, representing less than a quarter of the Nigerian population. Ensuring access to modern cooking solutions is vital to achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG 7) and Nigeria’s Vision 3030 goals. Hence, there is a considerable need to accelerate clean cooking in Nigeria.Below are some examples of clean cooking technologies as approved by the world health organization:Liquefied Petroleum gas (LPG): LPG is a clean-burning fuel that produces fewer pollutants than traditional biomass fuels. LPG stoves provide a convenient and cleaner alternative for cooking e.g. Methane and butane.Biogas Systems: Biogas is a renewable energy solution produced by the breakdown of organic matter, such as food or animal waste, by anaerobic bacteria in an oxygen-free environment. Biogas systems capture the Methane produced during this process and use it as a cooking fuel.Improved cooking stoves: These are designed to burn fuel more efficiently, reducing fuel consumption and minimizing smoke emissions. They often have features like insulation, better combustion chambers, and chimneys to direct smoke outside the cooking area.Electric rice cookers: Electric stoves or induction cooktops are powered by electricity and offer a clean and efficient cooking option. However, their widespread adoption in Nigeria may be limited due to electricity access and affordability challenges.Ethanol stoves: Ethanol is produced from sugar plants or other biomass sources. An advantage of the technology is that ethanol provides a higher heat flux with no soot or smoke, and cooking can occur faster and pollution-freeIn developing countries like Nigeria, polluting fuels like wood and charcoal is mainly used for cooking, and the gases emitted from this activity contribute to increasing carbon emissions, which contribute to air pollution—resulting in a range of respiratory diseases like asthma and lung cancer. Statistics show that household air pollution causes more than 4 million deaths every year, mostly affecting women and children who bear the brunt of household activities.Another effect of using unclean fuels like wood and charcoal to cook is that it promotes deforestation, by cutting down of trees to make firewood, thereby, hindering progress towards climate action. Additionally, traditional cooking burdens women and children because they are primarily tasked with sourcing firewood used for traditional cooking. Also, the process can be time-consuming, limiting opportunities to pursue their personal or educational goals.Traditional cooking methods have proved inefficient and harmful to our health, economy and planet. Thus, the adoption of clean cooking technologies is crucial. It is commendable what organizations like the Clean Cooking Alliance and Sustainable Energy for All (SEforALL) are doing to accelerate clean cooking in Nigeria by providing grants and championing domestic policies towards clean cooking adoption. However, there is much work to be done.With the emergence of a new government in Nigeria, clean cooking can be adapted in several ways. This could be through providing clean cooking technologies at a subsidized and affordable rate, especially for people in local communities, providing support through incentivizing companies to produce clean cooking technologies and finally, creating awareness at all levels to educate the masses on clean cooking technologies and its benefits. May 30, 2023 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestEmail
Connecting The DotsUncategorized Achieving the Energy Transition Plan by doose May 22, 2023 written by doose On this episode of Connecting the Dots, our guest is Tengi George Ikoli, Senior Officer, Natural Resource Governance Institute. She joins us to discuss and share her perspective on the Energy Transition Plan. This episode dissects the laid-out frameworks, strategies and innovations to support and drive the success of this plan. May 22, 2023 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestEmail
Power Punch Achieving Nigeria’s ETP by doose March 28, 2023 written by doose As the world migrates towards an eco-friendly environment, several nations, including Nigeria, have pledged to contribute to a low-carbon economy. For this reason, the Nigerian government launched the Energy Transition Plan (ETP). The ETP establishes the country’s strategy to reach a net-zero emissions energy system by 2060 whilst improving energy access. However, developing supporting policies is critical in achieving Nigeria’s ETP. In 2023, 92 million Nigerians still lack access to stable, clean, reliable electricity. At the same time, the world is also experiencing the grave effects of climate change, as seen in changes in weather patterns associated with social-economic effects, etc. Hence, more than before, energy transition plans are crucial and cannot be treated with a business-as-usual approach. Achieving Nigeria’s ETP will require the adoption of clean technologies. Integrating solar and wind into the energy mix is a way to reduce the country’s reliance on fossil fuels while closing the energy gap. The ETP also seeks to adopt innovations like electric vehicles and stoves, irrespective of income strata. Unfortunately, over 40% of Nigerians live in poverty. As a result, there is more demand for cheap cooking fuels with the low upfront cost, such as firewood, charcoal, etc., regardless of their carbon footprints. For example, studies have shown income to be the determining factor for adopting clean cooking facilities. Given this, research on low-carbon energy solutions for low-income households is needed, especially in the rural areas of Nigeria, to identify appropriate and affordable low-cost technologies. Policies are needed to promote technological innovations that support the Nigerian ETP. Although the country has several policies on renewable energy integration into the energy mix, these policies have different targets. To ensure that the ETP is implemented successfully, it is crucial to have relevant institutions coordinate and harmonize these policies, strategies, and targets. More frameworks that promote deploying renewable energy technologies should be developed, including incentives for renewable energy investments, such as tax credits and feed-in tariffs, to encourage private sector investments in renewable energy. Finally, there is a need for the development of innovative financing mechanisms to support cost reduction in deploying clean energy technologies. Access to finance is often a significant barrier, particularly for small and medium-scale enterprises (SMEs). Innovative financing mechanisms, such as green bonds and banks, can help mobilize private sector finance for renewable energy projects. Also, given the escalating debt situations of many developing countries, including Nigeria, especially in the aftermath of COVID-19 and the Russian- Ukrainian conflict, Nigeria can consider Debt for Climate Swaps in her climate finance mix. Whilst the ETP is commendable, Nigeria’s past efforts to make its energy system more sustainable through policies, such as the Nigerian Renewable Energy Master Plan, among others, have fallen short of their goals. To avoid repetition, challenges like financial barriers, lack of technical expertise, and the issue of grid integration, particularly with intermittent renewable energy sources like solar and wind power, must be addressed. Energy stakeholders need to collaborate to deploy innovative technologies tailored to respond to the population’s power needs. The above-outlined actions are not exhaustive but can help in achieving Nigeria’s ETP. The ETP requires significant investments from the government and support from its citizens. A large part of the populace is more concerned with providing their “daily bread” than with reducing their carbon footprint. To implement the ambitious target enshrined in the ETP, the government must develop programs to break the perpetual cycle of poverty, increasing citizens’ ability to purchase climate-friendly technologies. March 28, 2023 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestEmail
African Focus The Impact of Climate Change on the Sustainability of Electricity Systems by davidomata March 1, 2023 written by davidomata According to the United Nations Climate Change report on 27th October 2020, the African continent is particularly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change, with many of its countries experiencing severe droughts, flooding, and other extreme weather events. These events, if not prevented or mitigated, can significantly impact the sustainability of electricity systems in Africa. These systems are critical for the economic development and well-being and economic development of African communities. In the report by the United Nations Office of the Special Adviser on Africa, the impact of climate change on Africa’s electricity systems was discussed, highlighting the need to learn from the effect of COVID-19. Also, a report by the International Energy Agency (IEA) in 2020 shows that Africa is projected to experience increasing climate hazards for the remainder of the 21st century, which would pose a challenge to hydropower generation in Africa. Many countries on the continent are heavily reliant on hydropower, which is particularly vulnerable to the effects of climate change. In countries such as the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Ethiopia, Malawi, Mozambique, Uganda, and Zambia, the share of hydropower in electricity generation exceeds 80 per cent. In many cases, droughts can reduce the amount of water available for generating electricity, leading to power outages and disruptions in service. This is one instance of the impacts of climate change on the sustainability of electricity systems. Research by the Oak Ridge National Library further reveals how climate change can exacerbate existing challenges with the transmission and distribution of electricity. Extreme weather events, such as floods and storms, can damage power lines and other infrastructure, leading to interruptions in service. In addition, rising sea levels can pose a threat to coastal power plants and other infrastructure. In order to deal with these problems, many African nations are looking into new methods for producing and distributing power that are more resistant to the effects of climate change. Investing in environmentally friendly energy sources that are less susceptible to the impact of climate change, including solar and wind power, is one strategy. Moreover, a lot of nations are making investments in energy storage innovations like batteries and pumped hydro, which can assist in guaranteeing that electricity is accessible even during times when production is low. Another essential step is investing in more robust and intelligent power infrastructure, such as microgrids and distributed energy resources. This can assist in ensuring that electricity is accessible even if the main grid is interrupted, as well as updating power lines and other infrastructure to better resist extreme weather events. In the end, addressing the impact of climate change on the sustainability of electricity systems in Africa would need ongoing investment and innovation. However, with the right policies and investments, it is possible to create more dependable and long-lasting electricity systems that can support regional economic growth and enhance the quality of life for populations. March 1, 2023 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestEmail
Power Punch Exploring the Opportunities for Bioenergy in Nigeria by aisi February 22, 2023 written by aisi Nigeria has a population of about 218 million people, making it the most populous nation in Africa. With the high population comes high energy demands, which have been traditionally met with fossil fuels. However, as the world shifts towards renewable energy sources, there is a chance to explore the opportunities for bioenergy in Nigeria. Bioenergy refers to using biomass to produce energy, such as electricity, heat, and transportation fuel. Biomass includes organic matter such as wood, crop residues, animal waste, and municipal solid waste. Nigeria has vast biomass resources, which, if utilized effectively, could help meet its energy demands while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. One of Nigeria’s most promising areas of bioenergy is in the agricultural sector. Agriculture is a significant contributor to the Nigerian economy. The sector employs over 70 per cent of the workforce and accounts for about 23 per cent of the country’s GDP. Crop residues, such as rice straw, cassava peels, and maize stalks, are major waste products in the agricultural sector. These residues can produce bioenergy in the form of biogas, which can be used for cooking, heating, and electricity generation. Biogas can also power agricultural machineries, such as tractors and pumps, reducing the reliance on fossil fuels. Animal waste is another significant biomass resource in Nigeria. Livestock farming is prevalent in the country, and the waste produced by these animals can be converted into biogas. The biogas produced can be used to power farms or sold to the national grid to meet the energy needs of urban areas. Nigeria is also rich in forest resources, which provide a potential source of wood fuel for energy production. Wood fuel has been used for cooking and heating in Nigeria for centuries, and the demand for wood fuel is increasing with the growing population. However, using traditional stoves and open fires for cooking and heating has adverse health and environmental impacts, such as indoor air pollution and deforestation. Adopting clean and efficient cookstoves, which use less wood and emit fewer pollutants, can help reduce these negative impacts. In addition, wood residues from the forest industry, such as sawdust and wood chips, can produce bioenergy. Another promising area for bioenergy in Nigeria is in the waste management sector. According to the Federal Ministry of Environment, the country generates about 32 million tonnes of waste annually. However, the country faces a significant waste management challenge, with inadequate waste collection and disposal systems, leading to the accumulation of waste in urban areas. This waste can be used to produce biogas to generate electricity or transportation fuel. Furthermore, converting waste to energy can help address the waste management challenge while providing a renewable energy source. Exploring the opportunities for bioenergy in Nigeria has several benefits, including helping the country reduce its dependence on fossil fuels, which significantly contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and the climate crisis. In addition, the use of bioenergy can help improve energy access in rural areas with little or no access to the national grid. Furthermore, adopting clean and efficient bioenergy technologies can help reduce indoor air pollution and improve public health. Finally, bioenergy development can create new job opportunities and contribute to the growth of the Nigerian economy. However, a few steps must be taken to successfully explore the opportunities for bioenergy in Nigeria. Firstly, more public education and awareness on bioenergy technologies are needed. These education and awareness campaigns will inform the public about the benefits of bioenergy and how to adopt the technology. Secondly, there is a need for government support and incentives in the form of policies and subsidies to encourage the adoption of bioenergy technologies. Finally, adequate financing should be available for investment in bioenergy infrastructure, especially in rural areas. February 22, 2023 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestEmail
Power Punch Financing Options for Renewable Energy Development in Nigeria by doose February 21, 2023 written by doose Like many other countries, Nigeria has committed to increasing its use of renewable energy to contribute to global climate action. However, one constraint in fulfilling this commitment is the availability of funds to promote renewable energy. Hence, this article will explore various financing options for renewable energy development in Nigeria. The development of renewable energy projects largely depends on access to funding. As a result, some of these projects never kick off in Nigeria. However, access to information on financing options can encourage renewable energy developers in the country. The United Nations’ seventh Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 7) speaks to achieving clean energy for all. To implement this goal, educating intending developers on financial instruments that support the scaling up of renewable energy technologies (RETs) is pertinent. The financing options for renewable energy development in Nigeria are divided into two categories: Public finance instruments, and Private finance instruments. Public finance instruments include grants, concessional loans, and subsidies. Grants are funds provided by the government or international development organizations to support renewable energy projects. For example, the African Development Bank (AfDB), through Sustainable Energy For All (SEFA), has developed several initiatives to support developers of RETs by offering grants and technical support to developers. Similarly, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) provides grants for renewable energy projects in Nigeria. Another example of a public finance instrument for renewable energy development is concessional loans, offered at lower interest rates than market rates. An example of a concessional loan program is the Nigerian Electrification Project (NEP). The project aims to increase access to electricity in rural areas. The project’s goal is to subsidize the large-scale development of mini-grids by shrinking initial costs and creating room for scaling operations and recovery of investments by developers during the project cycle. Subsidies are another financing option for renewable energy development in Nigeria. The government provides subsidies on renewable energy equipment for developers to reduce the cost of renewable energy projects. For example, the Nigerian government offers import duty exemptions on renewable energy equipment such as solar panels, inverters, and batteries. On the other hand, private finance instruments include equity, debt, and mezzanine financing. Equity financing involves raising capital from investors in exchange for project ownership. In Nigeria, several venture capital firms such as All On, Sahel Capital, and Off-Grid Electric have invested in renewable energy projects. Debt financing for renewable energy development involves borrowing money from financial institutions, such as banks or pension funds, to finance projects. Debt financing is a common instrument used for Nigeria’s renewable energy sector. For example, Access Bank, one of Nigeria’s leading banks, provides debt financing for renewable energy projects. Mezzanine financing is a hybrid of equity and debt financing. It involves providing capital to the project in exchange for a share of ownership and a high return on investment. Mezzanine financing is an attractive financing instrument for renewable energy projects because it allows project developers to access capital without diluting their ownership stake significantly. In Nigeria, mezzanine financing is not yet widespread, but it is becoming more popular as more investors become aware of its benefits. In addition to the aforementioned, there are several other financing options for renewable energy development in Nigeria. These include crowdfunding, green bonds, and carbon credits. Crowdfunding involves raising small amounts of capital from many people, usually through online platforms. Green bonds are debt securities issued by organizations to finance environmentally sustainable projects. On the other hand, carbon credits are a financial instrument representing a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. These credits can be bought and sold, and the revenue generated can be used to finance renewable energy projects. Renewable energy development is paramount with the country’s climate action goals and the global commitment to transition towards cleaner energy sources. However, there should be more information, awareness and support for financing options for renewable energy development in Nigeria to enable this. February 21, 2023 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestEmail
Power Punch The Application of Hydrogen as a Power Source in Nigeria by alex February 3, 2023 written by alex Recent discussions and actions geared towards preserving the planet and climate change advocacy have given rise to the urgent need to explore cleaner energy generation sources. Nigeria is not left out of this global action as the country also seeks alternative energy sources, one of which is hydrogen. However, what are the prospects for the application of hydrogen as a power source in Nigeria? Like other developed economies, the President of Nigeria announced Nigeria’s commitment to achieving net-zero emissions by 2060. This announcement was made at the 26th United Nations Conference of Parties (COP26). In line with this, on August 24th, 2022, the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) launched its Energy Transition Plan(ETP). A further review of the ETP revealed that the FGN intends to utilize hydrogen for power generation from 2040. The earliest known important chemical property of hydrogen is that it burns with oxygen to form water, H2O. This agrees with the name hydrogen, derived from Greek, meaning “maker of water”. Hydrogen can be used in industrial processes, outer space fuel, and vehicular fuel. In addition, there have been studies conducted on hydrogen which prove that it has the potential to become a global electricity generation source. Hydrogen fuel cells produce electricity for power generation by combining hydrogen and oxygen atoms. The hydrogen reacts with oxygen across an electrochemical cell similar to that of a battery to produce electricity, water, and small amounts of heat. Many different types of fuel cells are available for a wide range of applications. Small fuel cells can power laptop computers, cell phones, and military applications. Large fuel cells can supply electricity to electric power grids, backup or emergency power in buildings, and electricity in places that are not connected to electric power grids. The benefit of employing hydrogen as an energy source is that water and heat are the only by-products of its reaction with oxygen. Green hydrogen is the best form of this promising alternative fuel for the energy industry. Nigeria suffers from inadequate electricity generation and a high dependence on fossil-fueled power-generating plants. Hydrogen is a suitable alternative and provides a viable solution to the electrification and emissions problems. However, it is quite unfortunate that Nigeria is only just trying to explore the prospects for the application of hydrogen as a power source. Other African countries, such as South Africa and Egypt, have begun making efforts toward adopting hydrogen as a source of energy. In October 2021, the South African government took a step toward unlocking this potential by conducting a feasibility study to establish a hydrogen valley in partnership with Anglo-American Platinum, Bambili Energy, and Energie SA. The study seeks to identify the potential of hydrogen projects across the transport, industrial, and construction sectors. In addition, Egypt is spearheading the development of the largest hydrogen project globally to promote hydrogen as feedstock for green ammonia production. Nigeria has what it takes to explore the application of hydrogen as a power source. This would help the country improve its energy access reach as many communities are still not connected to electricity supply. However, it goes without saying that for the widespread deployment of hydrogen in the country, there is a need for massive investments in adequate technology. In addition, the government and sector stakeholders need to have the will to drive the hydrogen discourse and establish policies that support the development of hydrogen generation projects in the country. February 3, 2023 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestEmail
Power Punch The Impacts of Clean Energy on Sustainable Urban Development by doose January 30, 2023 written by doose As the world’s population rises exponentially, there is a simultaneous increase in anthropogenic activities and global emissions, speeding up climate change effects on our planet. Thus, there is an urgency to employ clean energy in sustaining our cities. However, what are the impacts of clean energy on sustainable urban development? In 2020, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) estimated that cities account for 70 per cent of the world’s greenhouse gas emissions and face natural disasters such as flooding and heat stress because of climate change. For this reason, the united nations, through its Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), have called for the promotion of clean energy towards sustainable urban development. Achieving sustainable development requires a significant transformation in how cities are built and managed. With buildings emitting more energy-related carbon globally than the entire transport sector, experts say adopting green building standards in the housing industry can reduce carbon emissions and increase resilience to the effects of climate change. As urban cities become congested, waste generation and disposal become critical. However, anaerobic decomposition could provide a solution. Methane-rich biogas is produced when biodegradable waste is decomposed in the absence of oxygen. If the decomposed waste is from non-fossil sources such as food and green waste, the biogas produced can help offset carbon emissions, generate energy and provide a solution to growing waste disposal issues. Incorporating solar or wind energy into urban planning is also necessary to diversify the energy mix of future cities. These renewable energy sources do not produce the harmful greenhouse gases (GHG) associated with traditional fossil fuels. Solar and wind energy can also help to improve air quality in cities, which is particularly important for the health and well-being of residents. It makes economic sense that the impacts of clean energy on sustainable urban development be harnessed. In Nigeria, incorporating clean energy in urban designs will grow wealth and create jobs while contributing to global climate action. In addition, it will create opportunities in research, development, and manufacturing, leading to a more diverse and resilient economy. Several countries have begun incorporating clean energy into their cities. For example, South Africa is exploring the production and use of biofuels in transport, using renewables for facilities such as depots and transport interchanges, and replacing the municipal diesel bus fleet with electric buses. Sweden also aims to be the first fossil fuel-free country in the world. According to the country’s official site, about 75 per cent of electricity production comes from hydroelectric (45 per cent) and nuclear (30 per cent) power. It is worth noting that Nigeria has made some efforts towards promoting sustainable urban development through ambitious targets and programs. One such effort is the Nigerian energy transition plan that hopes to guide the country to achieve net zero by 2060. Despite this, Nigeria’s energy mix currently relies heavily on fuel fossils. Adopting clean energy for sustainable urban development would require promoting eco-friendly substitutes for raw materials for urban settlements, investing in green public spaces, and improving urban planning and management through participation and inclusion. In addition, sustainability discussions must be fostered with concerted efforts from all stakeholders, including governments, the private sector, and civil society. Building sustainable cities cannot take a back seat in fighting for a better Nigeria. More initiatives that place sustainability at the core of urban development must vigorously be encouraged if we must leave a habitable planet for generations to come. January 30, 2023 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestEmail
Power Punch Ways to Enable a People-Centred Clean Energy Transition by aisi January 25, 2023 written by aisi The global community has been concerned about achieving a clean energy transition for the past few years. This international action can be attributed to the effects of climate change on the environment, well-being and economies of populations. However, nations of the world must find ways to enable a people-centred clean energy transition. According to the Transnational Institute (TNI), the global energy transition is broadly divided into two sides based on how it is approached. These sides are the corporate energy transition and the people-centred energy transition. The main objectives of the corporate energy transition are to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) and garner geopolitical support in the face of public concern about climate change. The ultimate goal of the corporate energy transition, however, is to slowly preserve international relationships, increase wealth, maintain power and, hence, inequality. The prominent followers of the corporate energy transition include multinational corporations, states, institutions and organisations. On the other hand, a people-centred energy transition is more individual-focused. This form of energy transition provides individuals with essential opportunities while also enabling the navigation of the effects of climate change. According to an International Energy Agency (IEA) report, a people-centred energy transition means eradicating energy poverty while including considerations for employment, inclusion, equity, affordability, access and sustainable economic development. With each country developing their decarbonisation strategies, identifying ways to enable a people-centred clean energy transition holds many benefits. These benefits vary depending on the region. According to the Rocky Mountain Institute, the benefits of a people-centred energy transition for the global South include job creation, a just transition and joint innovation. According to a 2017 Political Economy Research Institute paper, for each $1 million dollar spent, 7.5 full-time jobs in renewable energy are created. On the other hand, fossil fuels accounted for only 2.6 full-time jobs. In addition, a 2020 review of fiscal recovery packages identified five policies linked to rural development in low- and middle-income countries. These policies involved natural capital, clean infrastructure, building efficiency, clean energy research and education. According to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Nigeria’s Solar Naija Project will create 250,000 jobs through the electrification of 5 million households. Also, Ethiopia’s use of clean energy in food production can create 190,000 jobs. A people-centred clean energy transition also encourages climate justice for marginalised populations and inclusion among countries. The inclusion of job training programmes in projects promotes equity. Through these actions, the conversation graduates from how many jobs are created to what groups within populations can access these jobs. The adoption of clean energy projects also encourages capacity building and joint innovation through the regionalisation of skills and the development of local value chains. For example, the hydrocarbon sector in Nigeria requires more capital than the labour-intensive clean energy sector. With the development of clean energy projects, issues like supply constraints and human resource deficits can be corrected through collaboration and the adoption of local value chains. The benefits will be tremendous if the global community can find ways to enable a people-centred clean energy transition, according to their respective economies. With the first step being ending energy poverty across nations, a people-centred energy transition will support social and economic development and improve the overall quality of life. January 25, 2023 0 comment 0 FacebookTwitterPinterestEmail
