Unpacking Nigeria’s Open Grazing Conundrum

Nigeria’s long-standing tradition of open grazing, especially among Fulani herders, has become contentious in recent years. This centuries-old practice has shaped not only the country’s landscape but also the lives of both farmers and herders. However, the current state of open grazing is marked by controversies and conflicts between farmers and herders, leading to tragic loss of lives, extensive property damage, and the forced displacement of communities. According to data from the Nextier Violent Conflict Database, there have been 114 recorded incidents resulting in 893 casualties between March 2023 and March 5, 2024. Root causes such as resource scarcity, land tenure disputes, and ethnic tensions have only exacerbated these conflicts.

Nigeria’s open grazing practice has a significant bearing on the economy. Livestock farming is one of the country’s major employers and income generation sources. However, the conflicts arising from open grazing have exerted a heavy toll on agricultural productivity, leading to decreased yields, diminished agrarian investments, and heightened poverty levels within affected communities. The effect of open grazing on society cannot be overemphasised. Farmer-herder crises have strained interethnic and intercommunity relationships, promoting social divisions and hostility. Additionally, community displacement upsets social structures and traditional ways of life. A recent report further underscores the severity of the situation, indicating that over 3.6 million people have been displaced as a result of farmer-herder conflicts, with about 2.1 million in Benue State alone.

At present, Nigeria lacks a comprehensive law regulating open grazing. However, some states have enacted legislation to address the issue. For instance, in 2017, Benue State passed the Open Grazing Prohibition and Ranches Establishment Law, which bans open grazing and encourages ranching. Other states like Ekiti, Taraba, and Oyo have also taken steps towards regulating open grazing. However, the effectiveness and enforcement of these laws remain a challenge as deadly clashes continue to make headlines. The Minister of the Federal Capital Territory (FCT) has also stated that plans are in the works to end open grazing in the nation’s capital; however, it requires careful consideration, factoring in the position the cattle herders hold as indigenes of the FCT.

The perspectives of various stakeholders regarding open grazing in Nigeria differ significantly. Farmers complain of crop destruction, loss of livelihoods, and increasing violence. Herders argue that open grazing is their tradition and banning it would harm their way of life. Women and children find themselves caught in the middle, facing security risks and economic setbacks. Government officials grapple with finding a balance between resolving conflicts and promoting sustainable land use.

Open grazing has deep cultural and traditional roots in Nigeria. For many herders, it is not just a means of livelihood, but a way of life passed down through generations. Efforts to address the challenges associated with open grazing must consider the cultural significance of the practice. Alternative approaches to grazing management must be regarded to achieve sustainable land use and conflict resolution. Ranching, agroforestry, and community-based land management schemes offer potential solutions.

Addressing the issue of open grazing in Nigeria requires decisive action from the government, but the efforts must be comprehensive and multifaceted. It is imperative to prioritise the enactment and enforcement of robust legislation specifically tailored to regulate open grazing activities. Concurrently, promoting alternative approaches to grazing management is essential for sustainable land use and conflict resolution. Furthermore, meaningful engagement with all stakeholders, including herders, farmers, and local communities, is crucial for crafting effective policies and fostering cooperation. The government must invest in infrastructure development to support modernised grazing practices, such as ranching, and provide necessary resources and training to facilitate the transition.

By combining legislative measures, stakeholder engagement, and investment in infrastructure, the Nigerian government can address the challenges associated with open grazing while promoting sustainable land management practices. This concerted effort is vital for mitigating conflicts, preserving livelihoods, and ensuring the long-term viability of Nigeria’s agricultural sector.